HMOX1 and postmenopausal osteoporosis: Glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) conversion involves the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B-nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (PI3K/Akt-Nrf2/HO-1) signaling pathway, and the anti-oxidant enzyme-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in osteoblasts is essential for the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis (Yang et al., 2022).