TLR4 and endothelial dysfunction: In summary, the present study demonstrates that IL-1β elicits oxidative stress, inflammation, cell migration and proliferation, as well as endothelial dysfunction, by mechanisms involving its relationship with TLR4 pathway, although the exact mechanism by which IL-1β interacts with this receptor needs further investigation; however, we cannot rule out that some observed effects of IL-1β might also be produced by acting on its canonical IL-1R receptor (Figure 8).