IL1B and Alzheimer disease: Additionally, a lower ability to clear Aβ plaques is associated with an increase in the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α (Heneka et al., 2015), which may impair hippocampal function (Intlekofer and Cotman, 2013), corroborating the idea that pro-inflammatory cytokines induce cognitive decline and memory loss in AD (Sousa et al., 2021; Almeida et al., 2022).