CREB1 and Cognitive impairment: Unlike its immediate effect, the low function of the glutamate system may be the mechanism underlying cognitive impairment related to chronic ketamine use, and inhibition of CaMKIIβ-ERK1/2-CREB/NF-κB signaling may mediate chronic ketamine use-associated cognitive impairments by restraining synaptic signaling (Luo et al., 2021).