The most notable genes that were significantly overexpressed in the metastases compared to the primary tumor (IFITM1, ZFHX4 and FOSB) are associated with glioma proliferation, migration and invasion (31, 34), and maintenance of glioblastoma tumor initiating cells (33), suggesting they may have contributed to the progression and metastasis of this disease. This evidence concerns the gene ZFHX4 and neoplasm.