The finding of high CDC42 expression in CESC-derived HeLa cells is consistent with our findings in HPV-transfected skin squamous cell carcinoma-derived A431 cells, indicating a commonality of CDC42 alteration in HPV-related cancers [HPV18 transcript in HeLa cells discovered by Prof. Hausen in 1985 had made HeLa cells not only the first immortal human cell line, but also the first HPV-related cancers cell line (51)]. Here, CDC42 is linked to cancer.