Indeed, VEGF signalling is already targeted clinically in the treatment of certain cancers and ophthalmic conditions.31 32 Our findings are consistent with an earlier report identifying VEGF as an upstream controller of IL12p70, IL7, IL10, and IL13.14 We replicated and extend these findings to show a wider range of cytokines within this cascade, including drivers of type two immune responses (IL5 and IL13), Jak-STAT cytokine signalling (IFNγ and IL12), and immune modulation (IL10). This evidence concerns the gene IL5 and cancer.