In androgen-independent prostate cancer cells PC-3 and DU-145, ERα and ERβ are mostly located outside the cell nucleus (67, 68), while in human post pubertal prostate epithelial cells PNT1A (68) and in positive control cells (primary Sertoli cells and human testicular embryonal carcinoma NT2/D1 cells; 67, 69), these receptors are predominantly located in the nucleus, using these same antibody. Here, ESR1 is linked to prostate cancer.