Swant et al. (2011) also found that over-expression of α-synuclein decreases the uptake activity of DAT and depolarizes the cell from −36.5 mV to −20.3 mV. Decreased DA uptake by α-synuclein was also reported by Butler et al. (Butler et al., 2012; Butler et al., 2015). α-synuclein is linked to the pathogenesis of PD (Spillantini et al., 1998) and in this context it is of interest that deficient DA uptake has also been linked with early-onset PD in multiple studies by Kurian and others (Reith et al., 2022). The gene discussed is SLC6A3; the disease is Parkinson disease.