In the stratified meta-regression by type of intervention, trials involving intensive glycemic control strategies, PPAR agonists, DPP-4i, and GLP-1RA showed a trend towards reducing the Ln(RR) of HF in association with a decrease in bodyweight; however, the association between bodyweight reduction and HF risk was not statistically significant for all intervention types (Additional file 1: Table S5). Here, PPARA is linked to hydrops fetalis.