VEGFA and cancer: Hypoxia participates in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)), the shift from oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis and energy metabolism (glucose transporter isoform 1 (GLUT1)), the promotion of proliferation, the induction of invasion and metastasis, and the inhibition of cancer cell apoptosis, ultimately leading to carcinogenesis [11, 12].