Compared to the patients with DPP-4is, those with GLP-1RAs were younger, had a higher BMI, longer duration of DM, higher baseline HbA1c level, less CKD stage 5 (eGFR < 15), higher prevalence of DM retinopathy and neuropathy, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, coronary intervention and MI, greater CCI scores, higher triglyceride level, and were more likely to take thiazolidinedione, alpha glucosidase, SGLT2is, insulin, statins and fibrates (absolute SD values > 0.2). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is retinal disorder.