TGFB1 and myelodysplastic syndrome: Comparable proof of this concept is the TGF-β trap luspatercept9,26, which received FDA approval for the treatment of very low- to intermediate-risk MDS in 2020 and was shown to increase hematopoietic support via restoration of the stromal cell-derived factor-1/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 axis between MSCs and HSPCs in MDS26.