TGFB1 and chronic kidney disease: Fresolimumab and LY2382770, both anti-TGF-β antibodies, failed to show efficacy in steroid-resistant FSGS and DKD patients, respectively (NCT01665391, NCT01113801).252 As a small synthetic molecule, pirfenidone is protected against pulmonary fibrosis by the inhibition of TGF-β1 expression.253,254 What’s more, it is encouraging to find Pirfenidone could restore the eGFR in patients with DKD or FSGS.255 And more phase 2 and 3 trials are ongoing to study the effect of pirfenidone on CKD.