TNF and endometritis: It was evident that the development of bovine endometritis involves very complex signaling processes including the detection of bacterial components by innate immune cells via toll-like receptors; the production of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., interleukins (IL); and the mobilization of neutrophils followed by the phagocytosis of invading pathogens within the uterine lumen (Sheldon et al. 2009 and Turner et al. 2012).