TNF and endometritis: The higher concentration of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the serum of cows with clinical endometritis in the present study was consistent with those obtained by Turner et al. (2012) and Kasimanickam et al. (2013) when compared to the healthy uterus and also was in agreement with Kasimanickam et al. (2005) and Brodzki et al. (2014a, b a, b); the results on the basis of the presence of pathogens activate the release of large numbers of uterine neutrophils displaying an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines mainly IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1.