In the cells with higher NDFIP1 levels, more NDFIP1 effectively binds with more TAZ, and thus recruits more TAZ into exosomes, leading to lower levels of TAZ in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, and ultimately less cell proliferation; on the contrary, in the tumor cells with lower NDFIP1 levels, the balance of cellular and extracellular TAZ is switched otherwise, that is, less TAZ is recognized by NDFIP1 and packaged into exosomes, resulting in more TAZ remaining in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, and more cell proliferation (summarized in the schematic drawing, Fig. 6K). Here, NDFIP1 is linked to neoplasm.