To explore the functional interaction between T cell subsets in the TME, single-cell RNA-seq coupled with T cell antigen receptor (TCR) sequencing (scRNA-seq/TCR-seq) was conducted in BM CD3+ T lymphocytes from mice (n = 60,858 cells) and patients (n = 50,154 cells) at the MGUS and MM stages, along with BM T cells from mouse and human healthy controls (Fig. 6a). Here, TARP is linked to Miyoshi myopathy.