INS and Abdominal obesity: When we performed a stratified analysis based on age (<65 vs. ≥65 years), sex, smoking status, number of OHA classes (<3 vs. ≥3), diabetes duration (<5 vs. ≥5 years), and insulin use, abdominal obesity was identified as a significant risk factor for the development of glioma in younger individuals (<65 years), men, non-smokers, diabetic patients with longer disease duration, those who are on fewer OHAs classes, and those who are not using insulin (Table 3).