ISG15 and systemic lupus erythematosus: For the SLE interaction network, among the top 50 DEGs the notable hub genes included STAT1 (degree: 223, betweenness: 163468.8), ISG15 (degree: 188, betweenness: 156960.3), and PLSCR1 (degree: 84, betweenness: 61314.9) for the upregulated genes and CBL (degree: 216, betweenness: 214523.2), STUB1 (degree: 169, betweenness: 171140.1), MAPK8 (degree: 140, betweenness: 152176.3) for the downregulated genes.