TBK1 and cholangiocarcinoma: Given that depletion of TBK1 by shRNA, siRNA, and TBK1 inhibitors inhibited human CCA cell growth in vitro, we further evaluated the effect of TBK1 inhibitors in vivo, including repressing TBK1 kinase activity by GSK-8612 and inhibiting protein expression by HDO (Fig. 7A).