Recent studies showed that homeobox D9 (HOXD9) can increase cell metastasis through the TGF-β1-induced EMT63, and the NMYC interactor (NMI) can upregulate signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and then promote tumor cell proliferation via the TGF-β/Smad pathway64. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.