TRAF2 and gestational diabetes: Moreover, while similar GβL levels were detected in the GDM and control groups (Fig. 2A), the E3 ubiquitin ligase, TRAF2, was upregulated, while the deubiquitinase, OTUD7B, was downregulated in the GDM group (p < 0.001) (Fig. 2A), suggesting more extensive GβL-ubiquitination and, consequently, increased GβL incorporation into mTORC1 versus mTORC2 under GDM.