Soluble CSF VCAM1 and ICAM1 levels, which reflect changes in the endothelial layer of the BBB, have been correlated with CNS inflammatory changes [43], while in the periphery, VCAM1, and ICAM1 are upregulated in hypercholesterolemia and associated with early atherogenic lesions [44]. Here, VCAM1 is linked to familial hypercholesterolemia.