C. difficile induced tumors occurred with concomitant activation of myeloid and IL-17 producing lymphoid cells, reminiscent of those observed after ETBF infection in the same model.55,58,59 Importantly, tumorigenesis was dependent upon consistent colonization for 10 weeks, as vancomycin administration via intraperitoneal injection beginning 1-week post-infection successfully inhibited microadenoma formation.114. The gene discussed is IL17A; the disease is infection.