In contrast to the direct mutagenic activity attributed to pks+ E. coli, infection with pathogenic E. coli strains may contribute to tumor progression indirectly by promoting inflammation,107 senescence-associated secretory phenotypes,108–111 or cancer cell detachment and survival.112,113 Other enteric pathogens have been shown to promote CRC through similar inflammatory mechanisms. This evidence concerns the gene ARAF and colorectal carcinoma.