However, patients with MSA have higher levels of inflammatory markers in the CSF than patients with PD, including CRP, serum amyloid A, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, but lower levels of neuroprotective molecules, such as beta nerve growth factor (β-NGF) and Delta and Notch like epidermal growth factor-related receptor (DNER) (178, 181, 182). This evidence concerns the gene DNER and multiple system atrophy.