TNF and Alzheimer disease: M-MDSCs in AD/ACLF patients displayed immunosuppressive properties in regard to their pro-inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-6) (Wasmuth et al., 2005; Lin et al., 2007; Berres et al., 2009; Berry et al., 2011; Bernsmeier et al., 2018; Korf et al., 2019a; Brenig et al., 2020) as well as their reduced T cell activation and decreased phagocytosis capacity, contributing to the dampened innate immune responses of circulating monocytes (Bernsmeier et al., 2018).