ATMs secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), promote monocyte recruitment via MCP-1, increase insulin resistance, hepatic lipid flux and lipid accumulation and are associated with disease progression of NAFLD (Du Plessis et al., 2015; Lefere and Tacke, 2019). Here, IL1B is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.