Accordingly, we examined the effects of reported polymorphisms in metabolic enzymes (CYP3A4 and CYP3A5) and transporters (SLC O 1B1, ABCB1 and ABCG2) associated with atorvastatin efficacy, as well as other drug transport-related gene (ABCC3, ABCC4, ABCC5 and NR1I2) variants on plasma concentrations of atorvastatin and its metabolites in patients with CKD. This evidence concerns the gene ABCC4 and chronic kidney disease.