On the other hand, cancer cells (cluster 4, PanCK+E-cadherin+VCAM1+ pNFκB+) from current smoker CA patients (Fig. 4C) were surrounded by endothelial cells (cluster 14, CD31+VCAM1+) and these immune populations (Fig. 4C, green box), including macrophages (cluster 16), CD4 T cells (cluster 18), Tregs (cluster 20), and CD8 T cells (cluster 21). This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and cancer.