Interestingly, we found that cancer cells (cluster 4, PanCK+E-cadherin+VCAM1+ pNFκB+) from current smoker AA patients (Fig. 4B) were avoided by endothelial cells (cluster 14, CD31+VCAM1+) and several immune populations (Fig. 4B, green box), including macrophages (cluster 16), CD4 T cells (cluster 18), Tregs (cluster 20), and CD8 T cells (cluster 21). Here, VCAM1 is linked to cancer.