TNF and infection: (15) To establish the response to infections with persister and regular vegetative cells, we quantified the secretion (Fig. 7) and relative gene expression (Fig. S3) of the proinflammatory cytokines CXCL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α—indicative of a M1 response—together with the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10—indicative of a M2 response (15), at 0.5, 1.5, and 24 h of infection.