HMGA1 and cancer: While mechanisms driving HMGA1 expression in cancer are incompletely understood, growth factors (54, 55), cancer-associated mutations, including Kras (56) or mutant Apc (57), and oncogenic transcription factors, such as cMYC (58–60), upregulate HMGA1, suggesting that diverse oncogenic pathways converge on HMGA1 to induce its expression.