TNF and brain inflammatory disease: We compared the PTH1-34 downregulated cytokines in serum of 5XFAD mice with those in brain of 5XFAD, as shown in Fig. 6E. The results showed that 4 factors, IL-10, IL-1β, TNFα, and CCL5, were reduced by PTH1-34 treatments not only in the serum but also in the brain of 5XFAD, suggesting a certain relationship between systemic inflammation and brain inflammation (Fig. 6E).