In this regard, overall, two hypotheses have been proposed: (1) increase in BCAA overactivates MTORC1, leading to hyperactivation of S6K1, which causes dephosphorylation of IRS1 and, consequently, the development of insulin resistance, and (2) accumulation of BCAA leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, which has been elaborated in other reviews [67, 109]. Here, IRS1 is linked to Insulin resistance.