APP and Alzheimer disease: In terms of intracellular contents, our analysis of typical astrocytes located in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare (Fig. 4A–C) further revealed a tendency for an increase in all phagosomes (fully and partially digested phagosomes) in the APP-PS1 mice compared to C57BL/6J control mice (Control 5.368 ± 0.6191 phagosomes per astrocyte vs AD 8.5588 ± 1.364 phagosomes per astrocyte, p = 0.0590) (Fig. 4D).