While there was a significant increase of TNFAIP3 plasma concentration in PD patients (45.91 pg/ml [range 4.61 to 193.9 pg/ml]) compared with HC (20.50 pg/ml [range 5.84 to 159.5 pg/ml]) (p < 0.0001) (Fig. 9B). This evidence concerns the gene TNFAIP3 and Parkinson disease.