NEDD4 and cancer: The E3 ubiquitin ligase SMURF2 is another NEDD4 family member that plays a controversial role in cancer biology; some studies have indicated a tumor suppressive role of SMURF2 (Sato et al. 2022; Yu et al. 2020; Fukunaga et al. 2008; Zhang et al. 2015a; Chandhoke et al. 2016), whereas others reported its tumor-promoting role (Fukuchi et al. 2002; David et al. 2014).