NEDD4 and cancer: Thus, it can be concluded that, in cancer cells highly expressing NEDD4-1, such as prostate, HCC, neuroblastoma, and lung, NEDD4-1 can mediate starvation-induced autophagy and mitophagy, by inducing autophagosome biogenesis and stabilizing autophagy receptor SQSTM1, to protect cancer cell survival and growth.