BRAF and melanoma: Melanoma cells suffer chronic ER stress due to the existence of oncogenic BRAF,28 and multiple mechanisms endow melanoma cells to be relatively resistant to ER stress and thereby have the growth advantage.5,6,54 While the molecular events downstream of UPR that enable melanoma cell survival under ER stress have been revealed in detail, how the activation of UPR is regulated in melanoma remains far from understood.