Pharmacologically blocking TGF-β1 signaling (e.g., SB431542) or inhibiting integrin signaling (e.g., GSK3008348, PLN-74809, and IDL-2965) have become widely accepted antifibrotic therapy.437 Various anti-integrin small molecule agents for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) treatment are under the phase 2 clinical trials (NCT03069989, NCT04072315, and NCT03949530). Here, TGFB1 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.