The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily is a vast protein group, including three TGF-βs (TGF-β1–3), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and growth differentiation factors (GDFs).152 The TGF-β family play roles through heteromeric combinations of type I and type II receptors, thereby activating many signal transducers, containing SMAD-dependent, SMAD-independent, and non-SMAD signaling pathways.153 These signaling pathways perform multiple functions in the development of embryo, tissue homeostasis and repair, immunological responses, tumor suppression, and metastasis. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.