TNF and infection: Compared with those produced by E. coli DH5α-injected mice, E. coli JE5505-injected mice produced high levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and RANTES and a low level of IL-10 in their livers, lungs, and sera after infection at indicated time points (3 h or 6 h postinfection; P < 0.05) (Fig. 2A to C).