Thus, the roles of BLP in the activation of the STAT3, MAPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways in macrophages after stimulation with LPS (1 μg/mL) and BLP (1 μg/mL) alone or in combination, E. coli DH5α (MOI 5:1), or E. coli JE5505 (multiplicity of infection [MOI], 5:1) were examined by Western blotting. The gene discussed is STAT3; the disease is infection.