Macrophages were pretreated with the ERK inhibitor FR180204 (1 μM), p38 inhibitor SB203580 (3 μM), or NF-κB inhibitor celastrol (1 μM) to further evaluate the roles of the MAPK and NF-κB pathways in E. coli-, LPS-, or BLP-induced cytokine release (24 h poststimulation or infection). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and infection.