SERPING1 and major depressive disorder: In a chronic mild stress (CMS) mouse model of major depressive disorder (MDD), collected hippocampal tissue displayed decreased GFAP and branch density, increased neuroinflammatory phenotype-associated transcripts detected by RT-qPCR, and increased C3 and Serping1 protein expression detected by western immunoblot analysis, suggesting that neurotoxic reactive astrocyte activation may be present in MDD [31].