VEGFA and central nervous system cancer: Since the cytokine profiling summarized above had revealed profound changes in a number of cytokines that are positively regulated by TGF-β like VEGF, MMP or PAI-1 [16, 40, 52] (Fig. 5B), we next evaluated a possible role of TGF-β signaling in mediating the synergistic response of experimental gliomas to radiotherapy and tepotinib treatment in vivo.