IGF1 and diabetes mellitus: In contrast, the GRS for lower FEV1/FVC specific to PI3K–Akt signaling was associated with increased asthma risk, lower IGF-1, lower liver enzymes (ALT, AST and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT)), lower lymphocyte counts, raised eosinophils, lower fat mass and BMI, and reduced diabetes risk (Fig. 5).