Variable height associations were evident: the GRS for lower FEV1/FVC showed association with increased height when partitioned to elastic fiber formation or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (Figs. 4 and 6), reduced height when partitioned to ESC pluripotency (Supplementary Fig. 15g) and no height association when partitioned to PI3K–Akt signaling or signal transduction (Figs. 5 and 7). Here, AKT1 is linked to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.