In contrast, the GRS for lower FEV1/FVC specific to PI3K–Akt signaling was associated with increased asthma risk, lower IGF-1, lower liver enzymes (ALT, AST and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT)), lower lymphocyte counts, raised eosinophils, lower fat mass and BMI, and reduced diabetes risk (Fig. 5). Here, AKT1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.