While the IL-13 and IL-4 we measured was systemic, and not localized to the ocular interface, the patterns of expression we observed in this study differed from those observed during the acute phase of infection in i.m.-inoculated macaques40, indicating the possibility of a unique role of these cytokines in EBOV pathogenesis via the conjunctival or other mucosal portals. The gene discussed is IL4; the disease is infection.