TGFB1 and cancer: CellphoneDB analysis inferred cellular communications between these cells, such as CSF1–CSF1R, TNC–a4b1 complex, and TGFβ–TGFβR interactions, potentially participating in immune cell recruitment and activation, as well as promoting Mesen_CAF collagen formation or mesenchymal functions during cancer initiation (Supplementary Fig. S4f).