This pleiotropy has been demonstrated in various pathologies that have no strict vascular etiology, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD).5TFPI was shown to be increased in the frontal cortex of AD brains compared with healthy controls.15In MS patients, TFPI levels were higher in the group of progressive MS compared with relapsing–remitting MS and healthy controls. This evidence concerns the gene TFPI and Parkinson disease.