In addition, the ALFQ adjuvant activates innate immune responses, upregulates APOBEC3 (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like family), an anti-HIV protein, and maintains a proinflammatory environment, as a result of which, MDMs (monocyte-derived macrophages) that are permissive to HIV-1 infection become capable of restricting HIV-1 infection (92). This evidence concerns the gene APOB and HIV-1 infection.