Interestingly, Helicobacter pylori seropositivity has been reported to be linked with an inferior NSCLC patient survival on anti-PD-1 therapy (32), and further be confirmed in in vitro co-culture assay and in H. pylori-infected mice with reduced number and activation status of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in the tumors. Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.