After controlling for comorbidities, IBD severity and TPN use, both corticosteroids (HR 5.4, CI 4.6–6.2) and anti-TNF use (HR 1.6, CI 1.3–2.1) were associated with increased risk of invasive fungal infections (Figure 2 and Supplementary Table S2). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.