A study by Shafiee et al. found that the expressions of IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP1), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) genes were significantly upregulated in the endometrium of women with PCOS and endometrial cancer (EC) compared to their study controls. This evidence concerns the gene PTEN and polycystic ovary syndrome.