Third, the VEGF family includes multiple subtypes (VEGF-A, VEGF-D, etc.)(54), and limited by current knowledge and the inability to obtain both individual-level and summary data for GWAS of VEGF-subtypes and risk factors for malignant brain tumors to assess potential genetic correlations, we cannot explore other exposures and cannot rule out the possibility of pleiotropic effects. The gene discussed is VEGFD; the disease is brain cancer.