TFF2 and inflammatory response: Primary afferent nociceptive neurons released neuropeptides to the periphery, leading to mast cell degranulation and the release of biologically active substances that produce pain and/or inflammation such as CGRP, SP, 5-HT, HA, BK, and PGI2, which induced neurogenic inflammation characterized by vasodilatation, protein extravasation, and leukocyte migration [32, 33].